At the program and course level learning outcomes help define the destination for student learning and in turn allow students to be aware of what is expected of them. Learning Outcomes are statements about anticipated achievements from students. To be most effective, learning outcomes should be precise, specific, and measurable.
Another way to look at learning outcomes is to ask three questions. By the end of the course:
What should students know?
What should students be able to do?
What qualities or attributes do you want students to have?
While you will create learning outcomes as best as you can with the curriculum, course content and student learning in mind, unintended learning outcomes do arise during the progress of a course or over a program’s time. Therefore, some learning outcomes may be more constant, whereas other learning outcomes may need to be adjusted, enhanced or created due to learning situations, student needs or course design needs. Learning outcomes are not fixed and should evolve as the course evolves over years and as students engage in their learning.
How Do Learning Outcomes Fit in Course Design?
Learning Outcomes are linked to the assessment and evaluation methods, along with the teaching and learning strategies you will use in the course. Best practice is to write and edit your learning outcomes first and then develop assessments and learning strategies that align with the course outcomes. This is known as Backward Design and comes from the book Understanding by Design by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe.
This video provides a good overview of how to use the backward design process for course design.
Here is a visual representation of the backward design model for course design.
"Backwards Design Model: 'Teaching for Understanding'"licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0, Muhlenberg College
Creating Learning Outcomes
Step 1. Frame your learning outcomes by starting with a statement of intent. This will provide context for you and your students. For example
- By the end of this course students will be able to…
- By the end of this course successful students will be able to…
- By the end of this course students should be able to...
Step 2. Choose an action verb that is measurable and observable and meets the level of learning that your students need to achieve. These verbs should;
- be specific and measurable.
- reflect what the students will be able to do once they have completed the course, not what they will do during the course.
- address the higher order thinking skills of Bloom’s Taxonomy.
There are many guides you can use to help you choose appropriate verbs using Bloom’s Taxonomy. Here are a couple to start with.
- Bloom’s Taxonomy of Measurable Verbs (Utica College)
- This is a comprehensive document and includes verbs mapped to assessment type as well as verbs to avoid.
- Bloom’s Taxonomy, Centre for Teaching (Vanderbilt University)
Step 3. Follow the verb with a statement that indicates the description of learning to be demonstrated.
Step 4. End with a statement to give the learning outcome context and to identify criteria for an acceptable performance. Using the words “by” or “through” will help with stating how the learning outcome will be assessed.
Learning Outcome | Is the outcome useful? | Analysis |
Study the elements of effective communication skills | No | Describes course content, not the attributes of a successful student. |
Have a deeper appreciation for good communication practices | No | Does not start with an action verb or define the level of learning. The subject of learning has no context and is not specific. |
Understand principles of effective communication | No | Starts with an action verb, but the verb is not measurable. Does not define the level of learning. The subject of learning is still too vague for assessment |
Create technical reports and presentations that meet the standards of a professional working environment. | Yes | Starts with an action verb that defines the level of learning. Provides context to ensure the outcome is specific and measurable. |
Adapted from Examples of Learning Outcomes Good and Bad, Centre for Excellence in Learning and Teaching, Thompson Rivers University.
Additional Considerations when writing learning outcomes
Create a balanced set of learning outcomes. Too broad a learning outcome will be difficult to assess, while an extensive list of detailed learning outcomes will limit flexibility and adaptability of the curriculum.
Be concise and clearly state the intended learning outcomes. Make it friendly for students, faculty and others. Have a colleague or a member of the CIEL team review your outcomes and provide feedback.
The learning outcomes have to be realistic, authentic and attainable within the time period of the course or program.
Learning Outcome Examples
Example 1: Students who successfully complete this course will be able to make informed predictions about current, ongoing human crises using Human Development Theory.
Example 2: Students who successfully complete this course will be able to diagnose problems in fuel injection systems and prescribe the necessary repairs.
Example 3: By the end of the course, students will be able to analyze a variety of theories to combat climate change and identify their key arguments for the potential success or failure of such theoretical suggestions.
Example 4: By the end of this course, students will be able to implement multiple strategies to communicate appropriate oral health messages effectively in a public education setting.
Example 5: By the end of the course students will be able to recommend a search strategy for finding relevant academic sources
Example 6: Students who successfully complete this course will be able to interpret key arguments from a variety of academic journal articles
Next Steps
Once you have created measurable, specific and relevant course outcomes, it is time to look at how the assessments in your course match those learning outcomes. Do your assessments provide the opportunity for students to meet the learning outcomes?